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'''The age of consent''' is the age at which a person can legally have sexual intercourse. | [[File:Age of consent in Europe.svg|thumb|300 px|Age of consent by country in Europe<br /> | ||
{{Color box|#00CED1}} – 14<br /> | |||
{{Color box|#1E90FF}} – 15<br /> | |||
{{Color box|#0000CD}} – 16<br /> | |||
{{Color box|#808000}} – 17<br /> | |||
{{Color box|#32CD32}} – 18]]'''The age of consent''' is the age at which a person can legally have sexual intercourse. | |||
==History== | |||
Historically in [[England and Wales]] the age of consent for heterosexual intercourse for girls was 12, there was no lower age limit for heterosexual intercourse for boys, [[buggery]] (but not other forms of gay sex) was illegal between men and boys at any age, and there were no explicit laws about lesbian sex. | Historically in [[England and Wales]] the age of consent for heterosexual intercourse for girls was 12, there was no lower age limit for heterosexual intercourse for boys, [[buggery]] (but not other forms of gay sex) was illegal between men and boys at any age, and there were no explicit laws about lesbian sex. | ||
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The [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] raised the age of consent for girls to 16, and also introduced the offence of [[gross indecency]] between males, effectively making all kinds of gay male sex illegal, irrespective of age. | The [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] raised the age of consent for girls to 16, and also introduced the offence of [[gross indecency]] between males, effectively making all kinds of gay male sex illegal, irrespective of age. | ||
The [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]] legalised sex between men in private, with an age of consent of 21. It did not apply to [[Scotland]] or [[Northern Ireland]], where gay sex was still illegal. | The [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]] legalised sex between men in private, with an age of consent of 21. It did not apply to [[Scotland]] or [[Northern Ireland]], where gay sex was still illegal. In August 1971 young members of the [[Gay Liberation Front]] organised a public rally in London to protest at the age of consent for gay men. <ref> Williams, Clifford (2021) Courage to Be: Organised Gay Youth in England 1967-1990. The Book Guild Ltd. ISBN: 9781913913632 </ref> | ||
Equivalent legalisation happened in Scotland with the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, and in Northern Ireland two years later through the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982. | Equivalent legalisation happened in Scotland with the [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]], and in Northern Ireland two years later through the [[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]]. | ||
The [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]] reduced the age of consent for sex between men to 18, and legalised anal sex between men and women, also with an age of consent of 18. | The [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]] reduced the age of consent for sex between men to 18, and legalised anal sex between men and women, also with an age of consent of 18. | ||
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The [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]] have their own legal systems, and changes in the age of consent happened at different dates as shown in the table below. | The [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]] have their own legal systems, and changes in the age of consent happened at different dates as shown in the table below. | ||
==Suggestions for further lowering of the age== | |||
The Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) was a British pro-[[paedophile]] activist group, founded in October 1974 and officially disbanded in 1984. Many gay men supported it. PIE campaigned for the abolition of the age of consent. | |||
In May 2013 the barrister Barbara Hewson should be lowered to 13 to stop the "persecution of old men".<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22459815</ref> [[Peter Tatchell]], while supporting a lowering of the age, has criticised Ms Hewson, saying that 13 is too young.<ref>http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/tatchell-slams-sex-13-lawyer-wants-lower-age-consent090513</ref> | |||
In November 2013 Professor John Ashton, president of the Faculty of Public Health, said there should be a national debate on lowering the age of consent (presumably for both gay and straight sex) to 15, as this would make it easier for 15-year-olds to get sexual health advice from the NHS.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24976929 ''BBC News'' 17 November 2013</ref> | |||
==Timeline of age of consent legislation== | ==Timeline of age of consent legislation== | ||
The following refer to same-sex activity between men. | |||
<table> | <table> | ||
<tr><th colspan="7">Timeline for Age of Consent Legislation</th></tr> | <tr><th colspan="7">Timeline for Age of Consent Legislation</th></tr> | ||
<tr><th>Date/legislation</th><th>England<br>and Wales</th><th>Scotland</th><th>Northern<br>Ireland</th><th>Isle<br>of Man</th><th>Jersey</th><th>Guernsey</th></tr> | <tr><th>Date/legislation</th><th>England<br>and Wales</th><th>Scotland</th><th>Northern<br>Ireland</th><th>Irish<br>Republic</th><th>Isle<br>of Man</th><th>Jersey</th><th>Guernsey</th></tr> | ||
<tr><td>Before 1967</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td></tr> | <tr><td>Before 1967</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1967 | <tr><td>1967 [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]]</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1980 | <tr><td>1980 [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]]</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1982 | <tr><td>1982 [[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]]</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1983 [[Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 1983]]</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>1990 | <tr><td>1990 [[Sexual Offences (Jersey) law 1990]]</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1992 | <tr><td>1992 [[Sexual Offences Act 1992]] – Isle of Man</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:purple; color:white; text-align:center">Illegal</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>1993 [[Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993]] – Irish Republic</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>1994 [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]]</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>1995 [[Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 1995]]</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>2000 [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000]]</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>2000 [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) (Guernsey) Law, 2000]]</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:red; color:white; text-align:center">21</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td> | <tr><td>2001 [[Criminal Justice Act 2001]] – Isle of Man</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>2006 [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2006]] – Isle of Man</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>2007 [[Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007]]</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>2011 | <tr><td>2008 [[Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008]]</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:orange; text-align:center">18</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>2011 [[Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law 2011]]</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:yellow; text-align:center">17</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td><td style="background-color:lime; text-align:center">16</td></tr> | |||
</table> | </table> | ||
===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
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Dates are the dates referenced in the official names of the Laws or Acts: in some cases this may be later than the date when the law was agreed by the legislature in question; in other cases there may have been a further delay before the law, or part of it, came into force. | Dates are the dates referenced in the official names of the Laws or Acts: in some cases this may be later than the date when the law was agreed by the legislature in question; in other cases there may have been a further delay before the law, or part of it, came into force. | ||
"Guernsey" relates to the Bailiwick of Guernsey; Alderney and Sark (included within the Bailiwick) were covered by the 1983 and 2011 Laws, but not by the 2000 Law. | "Guernsey" relates to the Bailiwick of Guernsey; [[Alderney]] and [[Sark]] (included within the Bailiwick) were covered by the 1983 and 2011 Laws, but not by the 2000 Law. | ||
The age of consent in the [[Irish Republic]] is still 17 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts. | The age of consent in the [[Irish Republic]] is still 17 (as previously in Northern Ireland) for both heterosexual and homosexual acts. | ||
In 1984 the gay band [[Bronski Beat]] released an album entitled ''The Age of Consent''. Its inner sleeve listed the age of consent for gay sex in different countries of the world. | In 1984 the gay band [[Bronski Beat]] released an album entitled ''[[The Age of Consent]]''. Its inner sleeve listed the age of consent for gay sex in different countries of the world. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Timeline of UK LGBT History]] | |||
[[Timeline of UK LGBT Legislation]]. | *[[Timeline of UK LGBT Legislation]]. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/equality | *http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/equality/sexualorientation/information/lgbtrights [[Imperial College]] "A History of LGBT Rights in the UK" | ||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Selected articles]] | [[Category:Selected articles]] | ||
[[Category:Legislation]] | [[Category:Legislation]] | ||
[[Category:Age of consent]] | [[Category:Age of consent]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:05, 10 July 2026
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The age of consent is the age at which a person can legally have sexual intercourse.
History
Historically in England and Wales the age of consent for heterosexual intercourse for girls was 12, there was no lower age limit for heterosexual intercourse for boys, buggery (but not other forms of gay sex) was illegal between men and boys at any age, and there were no explicit laws about lesbian sex.
The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raised the age of consent for girls to 16, and also introduced the offence of gross indecency between males, effectively making all kinds of gay male sex illegal, irrespective of age.
The Sexual Offences Act 1967 legalised sex between men in private, with an age of consent of 21. It did not apply to Scotland or Northern Ireland, where gay sex was still illegal. In August 1971 young members of the Gay Liberation Front organised a public rally in London to protest at the age of consent for gay men. [1]
Equivalent legalisation happened in Scotland with the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, and in Northern Ireland two years later through the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982.
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 reduced the age of consent for sex between men to 18, and legalised anal sex between men and women, also with an age of consent of 18.
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 introduced a common age of consent of 16 (17 in Northern Ireland) for both males and females, and for both heterosexual and homosexual acts.
The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey have their own legal systems, and changes in the age of consent happened at different dates as shown in the table below.
Suggestions for further lowering of the age
The Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) was a British pro-paedophile activist group, founded in October 1974 and officially disbanded in 1984. Many gay men supported it. PIE campaigned for the abolition of the age of consent.
In May 2013 the barrister Barbara Hewson should be lowered to 13 to stop the "persecution of old men".[2] Peter Tatchell, while supporting a lowering of the age, has criticised Ms Hewson, saying that 13 is too young.[3]
In November 2013 Professor John Ashton, president of the Faculty of Public Health, said there should be a national debate on lowering the age of consent (presumably for both gay and straight sex) to 15, as this would make it easier for 15-year-olds to get sexual health advice from the NHS.[4]
Timeline of age of consent legislation
The following refer to same-sex activity between men.
| Timeline for Age of Consent Legislation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date/legislation | England and Wales | Scotland | Northern Ireland | Irish Republic | Isle of Man | Jersey | Guernsey |
| Before 1967 | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal |
| 1967 Sexual Offences Act 1967 | 21 | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal |
| 1980 Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | 21 | 21 | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal |
| 1982 Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | 21 | 21 | 21 | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal |
| 1983 Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 1983 | 21 | 21 | 21 | Illegal | Illegal | Illegal | 21 |
| 1990 Sexual Offences (Jersey) law 1990 | 21 | 21 | 21 | Illegal | Illegal | 21 | 21 |
| 1992 Sexual Offences Act 1992 – Isle of Man | 21 | 21 | 21 | Illegal | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| 1993 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993 – Irish Republic | 21 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| 1995 Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 1995 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 21 | 18 | 21 |
| 2000 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 21 | 18 | 21 |
| 2000 Sexual Offences (Amendment) (Guernsey) Law, 2000 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 21 | 18 | 18 |
| 2001 Criminal Justice Act 2001 – Isle of Man | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| 2006 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2006 – Isle of Man | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 18 |
| 2007 Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 |
| 2008 Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 |
| 2011 Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law 2011 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
Notes
The ages for Jersey relate to only to sodomy (referred to as "sodomie" and meaning anal intercourse). For all other homosexual acts the age of consent was the same as for heterosexual acts.
Dates are the dates referenced in the official names of the Laws or Acts: in some cases this may be later than the date when the law was agreed by the legislature in question; in other cases there may have been a further delay before the law, or part of it, came into force.
"Guernsey" relates to the Bailiwick of Guernsey; Alderney and Sark (included within the Bailiwick) were covered by the 1983 and 2011 Laws, but not by the 2000 Law.
The age of consent in the Irish Republic is still 17 (as previously in Northern Ireland) for both heterosexual and homosexual acts.
In 1984 the gay band Bronski Beat released an album entitled The Age of Consent. Its inner sleeve listed the age of consent for gay sex in different countries of the world.
See also
External links
- http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/equality/sexualorientation/information/lgbtrights Imperial College "A History of LGBT Rights in the UK"
References
- ↑ Williams, Clifford (2021) Courage to Be: Organised Gay Youth in England 1967-1990. The Book Guild Ltd. ISBN: 9781913913632
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22459815
- ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/tatchell-slams-sex-13-lawyer-wants-lower-age-consent090513
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24976929 BBC News 17 November 2013