Marriage equality

Laws regarding same-sex sexuality

Homosexuality legal    Same-sex marriage1    Other type of partnership1, 2    Foreign same-sex marriages recognized1    No recognition of same-sex couples Homosexuality illegal    Minimal penalty    Heavy penalty    Up to life in prison    Up to death Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted marriage or imposed the death penalty in a country where that is not otherwise the law. 1May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not yet come into force. 2Or unregistered cohabitation.

Marriage equality refers to the extension to same-sex couples of the ability to get married in the same way as opposite-sex couples. Full same-sex marriage has now been legally recognised in a number of countries around the world (starting with the Netherlands in 2001) and in some states of the USA. In the UK, demand for same-sex marriage was initially met by the introduction of civil partnerships, which provide almost all of the rights and obligations of marriage. However some differences remain, which has led tothe campaign to extend marriage as such to same-sex couples.

Partnership registrations

In response for the growing call for some form of recognition of same-sex relationships, the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone introduced the London Partnership Register in 2001. This enabled same-sex couples to have a degree of recognition by an official body of their relationship, but had no legal force. It was open to opposite-sex as well as same-sex couples. Similar registers were set up in other places in the UK. The success of the London Partnership Register, and the lack of any public outcry against it, is thought to have paved the way for the introduction of civil partnerships.

Civil partnerships

Civil partnerships were introduced by the Labour Government under the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The first civil partnerships were formed in December 2005. Civil partnerships were essentially designed to parallel civil (as opposed to religious) marriage, hence the prohibition on holding a civil partnership ceremony on religious premises (this ban has since been removed) or on including any religious element in the ceremony.

One difference from civil marriage as that sex is not mentioned in the law. A marriage can be annulled if it's not consummated (ie if the couple don't have sex together) and one of the ground for divorce is adultery (ie if one of the couple has sex with someone else): there's no equivalent for either of these in the case of civil partnerships. As a result the Church of England, which officially disapproves its clergy having homosexual relationships, has not banned its priests from entering into civil partnerships, on the grounds that they can do so and still remain sexually celibate.

A number of other countries, starting with Denmark in 1989, have introduced the equivalent of civil partnership, often called civil union, domestic partnership, or registered partnership. Several of these countries have since introduced same-sex marriage: in some cases the registered partersnips have simply been converted into marriages, in other cases such as the Netherlands civil unions and same-sex marriage continue to exist side by side.